map - Vim Documentation

map.txt       For Vim version 9.1.  Last change: 2024 Oct 08


                  VIM REFERENCE MANUAL    by Bram Moolenaar


Key mapping, abbreviations and user-defined commands.

This subject is introduced in sections 05.4, 24.7 and 40.1 of the user
manual.

1. Key mapping                  key-mapping
   1.1 MAP COMMANDS                             :map-commands
   1.2 Special arguments                        :map-arguments
   1.3 Mapping and modes                        :map-modes
   1.4 Listing mappings                         map-listing
   1.5 Mapping special keys                     :map-special-keys
   1.6 Special characters                       :map-special-chars
   1.7 What keys to map                         map-which-keys
   1.8 Examples                                 map-examples
   1.9 Using mappings                           map-typing
   1.10 Mapping alt-keys                        :map-alt-keys
   1.11 Mapping meta-keys                       :map-meta-keys
   1.12 Mapping super-keys or command keys      :map-super-keys
   1.13 Mapping in modifyOtherKeys mode         modifyOtherKeys
   1.14 Mapping with Kitty keyboard protocol    kitty-keyboard-protocol
   1.15 Mapping an operator                     :map-operator
2. Abbreviations                abbreviations
3. Local mappings and functions script-local
4. User-defined commands        user-commands

==============================================================================
1. Key mapping                          key-mapping mapping macro

Key mapping is used to change the meaning of typed keys.  The most common use
is to define a sequence of commands for a function key.  Example:


This appends the current date and time after the cursor (in <> notation <>).


1.1 MAP COMMANDS                                        :map-commands

There are commands to enter new mappings, remove mappings and list mappings.
See map-overview for the various forms of "map" and their relationships with
modes.

{lhs}   means left-hand-side    {lhs}
{rhs}   means right-hand-side   {rhs}

:map    {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-nvo           :map
:nm[ap] {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-n             :nm :nmap
:vm[ap] {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-v             :vm :vmap
:xm[ap] {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-x             :xm :xmap
:smap   {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-s                 :smap
:om[ap] {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-o             :om :omap
:map!   {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-ic            :map!
:im[ap] {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-i             :im :imap
:lm[ap] {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-l             :lm :lma :lmap
:cm[ap] {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-c             :cm :cmap
:tma[p] {lhs} {rhs}             mapmode-t             :tma :tmap
                        Map the key sequence {lhs} to {rhs} for the modes
                        where the map command applies.  The result, including
                        {rhs}, is then further scanned for mappings.  This
                        allows for nested and recursive use of mappings.
                        Note: Trailing spaces are included in the {rhs},
                        because space is a valid Normal mode command.
                        See map-trailing-white.

                                                :nore :norem
:no[remap]  {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-nvo   :no  :noremap :nor
:nn[oremap] {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-n     :nn  :nnoremap
:vn[oremap] {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-v     :vn  :vnoremap
:xn[oremap] {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-x     :xn  :xnoremap
:snor[emap] {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-s     :snor :snore :snoremap
:ono[remap] {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-o     :ono :onoremap
:no[remap]! {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-ic    :no! :noremap!
:ino[remap] {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-i     :ino :inor :inoremap
:ln[oremap] {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-l     :ln  :lnoremap
:cno[remap] {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-c     :cno :cnor :cnoremap
:tno[remap] {lhs} {rhs}         mapmode-t     :tno :tnoremap
                        Map the key sequence {lhs} to {rhs} for the modes
                        where the map command applies.  Disallow mapping of
                        {rhs}, to avoid nested and recursive mappings.  Often
                        used to redefine a command.
                        Note: Keys in {rhs} also won't trigger abbreviation,
                        with the exception of i_CTRL-] and c_CTRL-].
                        Note: When <Plug> appears in the {rhs} this part is
                        always applied even if remapping is disallowed.


:unm[ap]  {lhs}                 mapmode-nvo           :unm  :unmap
:nun[map] {lhs}                 mapmode-n             :nun  :nunmap
:vu[nmap] {lhs}                 mapmode-v             :vu   :vunmap
:xu[nmap] {lhs}                 mapmode-x             :xu   :xunmap
:sunm[ap] {lhs}                 mapmode-s             :sunm :sunmap
:ou[nmap] {lhs}                 mapmode-o             :ou   :ounmap
:unm[ap]! {lhs}                 mapmode-ic            :unm! :unmap!
:iu[nmap] {lhs}                 mapmode-i             :iu   :iunmap
:lu[nmap] {lhs}                 mapmode-l             :lu   :lunmap
:cu[nmap] {lhs}                 mapmode-c             :cu   :cun :cunmap
:tunma[p] {lhs}                 mapmode-t             :tunma :tunmap
                        Remove the mapping of {lhs} for the modes where the
                        map command applies.  The mapping may remain defined
                        for other modes where it applies.
                        It also works when {lhs} matches the {rhs} of a
                        mapping. This is for when an abbreviation applied.
                        Note: Trailing spaces are included in the {lhs}.
                        See map-trailing-white.

:mapc[lear]                     mapmode-nvo           :mapc   :mapclear
:nmapc[lear]                    mapmode-n             :nmapc  :nmapclear
:vmapc[lear]                    mapmode-v             :vmapc  :vmapclear
:xmapc[lear]                    mapmode-x             :xmapc  :xmapclear
:smapc[lear]                    mapmode-s             :smapc  :smapclear
:omapc[lear]                    mapmode-o             :omapc  :omapclear
:mapc[lear]!                    mapmode-ic            :mapc!  :mapclear!
:imapc[lear]                    mapmode-i             :imapc  :imapclear
:lmapc[lear]                    mapmode-l             :lmapc  :lmapclear
:cmapc[lear]                    mapmode-c             :cmapc  :cmapclear
:tmapc[lear]                    mapmode-t             :tmapc  :tmapclear
                        Remove ALL mappings for the modes where the map
                        command applies.
                        Use the <buffer> argument to remove buffer-local
                        mappings :map-<buffer>
                        Warning: This also removes the mac-standard-mappings
                        and the dos-standard-mappings.

:map                            mapmode-nvo
:nm[ap]                         mapmode-n
:vm[ap]                         mapmode-v
:xm[ap]                         mapmode-x
:sm[ap]                         mapmode-s
:om[ap]                         mapmode-o
:map!                           mapmode-ic
:im[ap]                         mapmode-i
:lm[ap]                         mapmode-l
:cm[ap]                         mapmode-c
:tma[p]                         mapmode-t
                        List all key mappings for the modes where the map
                        command applies.  Note that ":map" and ":map!" are
                        used most often, because they include the other modes.

:map    {lhs}                   mapmode-nvo           :map_l
:nm[ap] {lhs}                   mapmode-n             :nmap_l
:vm[ap] {lhs}                   mapmode-v             :vmap_l
:xm[ap] {lhs}                   mapmode-x             :xmap_l
:sm[ap] {lhs}                   mapmode-s             :smap_l
:om[ap] {lhs}                   mapmode-o             :omap_l
:map!   {lhs}                   mapmode-ic            :map_l!
:im[ap] {lhs}                   mapmode-i             :imap_l
:lm[ap] {lhs}                   mapmode-l             :lmap_l
:cm[ap] {lhs}                   mapmode-c             :cmap_l
:tma[p] {lhs}                   mapmode-t             :tmap_l
                        List the key mappings for the key sequences starting
                        with {lhs} in the modes where the map command applies.

These commands are used to map a key or key sequence to a string of
characters.  You can use this to put command sequences under function keys,
translate one key into another, etc.  See :mkexrc for how to save and
restore the current mappings.

                                                        map-ambiguous
When two mappings start with the same sequence of characters, they are
ambiguous.  Example:
When Vim has read "aa", it will need to get another character to be able to
decide if "aa" or "aaa" should be mapped.  This means that after typing "aa"
that mapping won't get expanded yet, Vim is waiting for another character.
If you type a space, then "foo" will get inserted, plus the space.  If you
type "a", then "bar" will get inserted.

Trailing white space
                                                        map-trailing-white
This unmap command does NOT work:

Because it tries to unmap "@@ ", including the white space before the command
separator "|".  Other examples with trailing white space:

An error will be issued, which is very hard to identify, because the ending
whitespace character in unmap @@  is not visible.

A generic solution is to put the command separator "|" right after the mapped
keys.  After that white space and a comment may follow:



1.2 SPECIAL ARGUMENTS                                   :map-arguments

"<buffer>", "<nowait>", "<silent>", "<special>", "<script>", "<expr>" and
"<unique>" can be used in any order.  They must appear right after the
command, before any other arguments.

                                    :map-local :map-<buffer> :map-buffer
                                    E224 E225
If the first argument to one of these commands is "<buffer>" the mapping will
be effective in the current buffer only.  Example:
Then you can map ",w" to something else in another buffer:
The local buffer mappings are used before the global ones.  See <nowait> below
to make a short local mapping not taking effect when a longer global one
exists.
The "<buffer>" argument can also be used to clear mappings:
Local mappings are also cleared when a buffer is deleted, but not when it is
unloaded.  Just like local option values.
Also see map-precedence.

                                                :map-<nowait> :map-nowait
When defining a buffer-local mapping for "," there may be a global mapping
that starts with ",".  Then you need to type another character for Vim to know
whether to use the "," mapping or the longer one.  To avoid this add the
<nowait> argument.  Then the mapping will be used when it matches, Vim does
not wait for more characters to be typed.  However, if the characters were
already typed they are used.
Note that this works when the <nowait> mapping fully matches and is found
before any partial matches.  This works when:
- There is only one matching buffer-local mapping, since these are always
  found before global mappings.
- There is another buffer-local mapping that partly matches, but it is
  defined earlier (last defined mapping is found first).

                                                :map-<silent> :map-silent
To define a mapping which will not be echoed on the command line, add
"<silent>" as the first argument.  Example:
The search string will not be echoed when using this mapping.  Messages from
the executed command are still given though.  To shut them up too, add a
":silent" in the executed command:
Note that the effect of a command might also be silenced, e.g., when the
mapping selects another entry for command line completion it won't be
displayed.
Prompts will still be given, e.g., for inputdialog().
Using "<silent>" for an abbreviation is possible, but will cause redrawing of
the command line to fail.

                                                :map-<special> :map-special
Define a mapping with <> notation for special keys, even though the "<" flag
may appear in 'cpoptions'.  This is useful if the side effect of setting
'cpoptions' is not desired.  Example:

                                                :map-<script> :map-script
If the first argument to one of these commands is "<script>" and it is used to
define a new mapping or abbreviation, the mapping will only remap characters
in the {rhs} using mappings that were defined local to a script, starting with
"<SID>".  This can be used to avoid that mappings from outside a script
interfere (e.g., when CTRL-V is remapped in mswin.vim), but do use other
mappings defined in the script.
Note: ":map <script>" and ":noremap <script>" do the same thing.  The
"<script>" overrules the command name.  Using ":noremap <script>" is
preferred, because it's clearer that remapping is (mostly) disabled.

                                :map-<unique> :map-unique E226 E227
If the first argument to one of these commands is "<unique>" and it is used to
define a new mapping or abbreviation, the command will fail if the mapping or
abbreviation already exists.  Example:
When defining a local mapping, there will also be a check if a global map
already exists which is equal.
Example of what will fail:
If you want to map a key and then have it do what it was originally mapped to,
have a look at maparg().

                                                :map-<expr> :map-expression
If the first argument to one of these commands is "<expr>" and it is used to
define a new mapping or abbreviation, the argument is an expression.  The
expression is evaluated to obtain the {rhs} that is used.  Example:
The result of the s:InsertDot() function will be inserted.  It could check the
text before the cursor and start omni completion when some condition is met.
Using a script-local function is preferred, to avoid polluting the global
namespace.  Use <SID> in the RHS so that the script that the mapping was
defined in can be found.

For abbreviations v:char is set to the character that was typed to trigger
the abbreviation.  You can use this to decide how to expand the {lhs}.  You
should not either insert or change the v:char.

In case you want the mapping to not do anything, you can have the expression
evaluate to an empty string.  If something changed that requires Vim to
go through the main loop (e.g. to update the display), return "\<Ignore>".
This is similar to "nothing" but makes Vim return from the loop that waits for
input. Example:

Keep in mind that the expression may be evaluated when looking for
typeahead, before the previous command has been executed.  For example:
You will notice that g:column has the value from before executing "f!",
because "x" is evaluated before "f!" is executed.
This can be solved by inserting <Ignore> before the character that is
expression-mapped:

When defining a mapping in a Vim9 script, the expression will be evaluated
in the context of that script.  This means that script-local items can be
accessed in the expression.

Be very careful about side effects!  The expression is evaluated while
obtaining characters, you may very well make the command dysfunctional.
For this reason the following is blocked:
- Changing the buffer text textlock.
- Editing another buffer.
- The :normal command.
- Moving the cursor is allowed, but it is restored afterwards.
If you want the mapping to do any of these let the returned characters do
that, or use a <Cmd> mapping instead.

You can use getchar(), it consumes typeahead if there is any. E.g., if you
have these mappings:
If you now type CTRL-L nothing happens yet, Vim needs the next character to
decide what mapping to use.  If you type 'x' the second mapping is used and
"foo" is inserted.  If you type any other key the first mapping is used,
getchar() gets the typed key and returns it.

Here is an example that inserts a list number that increases:



CTRL-L inserts the next number, CTRL-R resets the count.  CTRL-R returns an
empty string, so that nothing is inserted.

Note that using 0x80 as a single byte before other text does not work, it will
be seen as a special key.

                                                <Cmd> :map-cmd
The special text <Cmd> begins a "command mapping", it executes the command
directly without changing modes.  Where you might use ":...<CR>" in the
{rhs} of a mapping, you can instead use "<Cmd>...<CR>".
Example:

This is more flexible than :<C-U> in Visual and Operator-pending mode, or
<C-O>: in Insert mode, because the commands are executed directly in the
current mode, instead of always going to Normal mode.  Visual mode is
preserved, so tricks with gv are not needed.  Commands can be invoked
directly in Command-line mode (which would otherwise require timer hacks).
Example of using <Cmd> halfway Insert mode:

Unlike <expr> mappings, there are no special restrictions on the <Cmd>
command: it is executed as if an (unrestricted) autocommand was invoked.

                                                <ScriptCmd>
<ScriptCmd> is like <Cmd> but sets the context to the script the mapping was
defined in, for the duration of the command execution.  This is especially
useful for Vim9 script.  It also works to access an import, which is useful
in a plugin using a, possibly autoloaded, script:

No matter where <F4> is typed, the "impl" import will be found in the script
context of where the mapping was defined.  When it's an autoload import, as in
the example, the "implementation.vim" script will only be loaded once <F4> is
typed, not when the mapping is defined.

Without <ScriptCmd> using "s:impl" would result in "E121: Undefined variable".

Note:
- Because <Cmd> and <ScriptCmd> avoid mode-changes it does not trigger
  CmdlineEnter and CmdlineLeave events, because no user interaction is
  expected.
- For the same reason, keycodes like <C-R><C-W> are interpreted as plain,
  unmapped keys.
- The command is not echo'ed, no need for <silent>.
- The {rhs} is not subject to abbreviations nor to other mappings, even if the
  mapping is recursive.
- In Visual mode you can use line('v') and col('v') to get one end of the
  Visual area, the cursor is at the other end.

                                                        E1255 E1136
<Cmd> and <ScriptCmd> commands must terminate, that is, they must be followed
by <CR> in the {rhs} of the mapping definition.  Command-line mode is never
entered.  To use a literal <CR> in the {rhs}, use <lt>.


1.3 MAPPING AND MODES                                   :map-modes
                        mapmode-nvo mapmode-n mapmode-v mapmode-o

There are seven sets of mappings
- For Normal mode: When typing commands.
- For Visual mode: When typing commands while the Visual area is highlighted.
- For Select mode: like Visual mode but typing text replaces the selection.
- For Operator-pending mode: When an operator is pending (after "d", "y", "c",
  etc.).  See below: omap-info.
- For Insert mode.  These are also used in Replace mode.
- For Command-line mode: When entering a ":" or "/" command.
- For Terminal mode: When typing in a :terminal buffer.

Special case: While typing a count for a command in Normal mode, mapping zero
is disabled.  This makes it possible to map zero without making it impossible
to type a count with a zero.

                                                map-overview map-modes
Overview of which map command works in which mode.  More details below.
     COMMANDS                    MODES
:map   :noremap  :unmap     Normal, Visual, Select, Operator-pending
:nmap  :nnoremap :nunmap    Normal
:vmap  :vnoremap :vunmap    Visual and Select
:smap  :snoremap :sunmap    Select
:xmap  :xnoremap :xunmap    Visual
:omap  :onoremap :ounmap    Operator-pending
:map!  :noremap! :unmap!    Insert and Command-line
:imap  :inoremap :iunmap    Insert
:lmap  :lnoremap :lunmap    Insert, Command-line, Lang-Arg
:cmap  :cnoremap :cunmap    Command-line
:tmap  :tnoremap :tunmap    Terminal-Job

Same information in a table:
                                                        map-table
         Mode  | Norm | Ins | Cmd | Vis | Sel | Opr | Term | Lang |
Command        +------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+
[nore]map      | yes  |  -  |  -  | yes | yes | yes |  -   |  -   |
n[nore]map     | yes  |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -   |  -   |
[nore]map!     |  -   | yes | yes |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -   |  -   |
i[nore]map     |  -   | yes |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -   |  -   |
c[nore]map     |  -   |  -  | yes |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -   |  -   |
v[nore]map     |  -   |  -  |  -  | yes | yes |  -  |  -   |  -   |
x[nore]map     |  -   |  -  |  -  | yes |  -  |  -  |  -   |  -   |
s[nore]map     |  -   |  -  |  -  |  -  | yes |  -  |  -   |  -   |
o[nore]map     |  -   |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -  | yes |  -   |  -   |
t[nore]map     |  -   |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -  | yes  |  -   |
l[nore]map     |  -   | yes | yes |  -  |  -  |  -  |  -   | yes  |


    COMMANDS                                  MODES
                                       Normal  Visual+Select  Operator-pending
:map   :noremap   :unmap   :mapclear     yes        yes            yes
:nmap  :nnoremap  :nunmap  :nmapclear    yes         -              -
:vmap  :vnoremap  :vunmap  :vmapclear     -         yes             -
:omap  :onoremap  :ounmap  :omapclear     -          -             yes

:nunmap can also be used outside of a monastery.
                                                mapmode-x mapmode-s
Some commands work both in Visual and Select mode, some in only one.  Note
that quite often "Visual" is mentioned where both Visual and Select mode
apply. Select-mode-mapping
NOTE: Mapping a printable character in Select mode may confuse the user.  It's
better to explicitly use :xmap and :smap for printable characters.  Or use
:sunmap after defining the mapping.

    COMMANDS                                  MODES
                                          Visual    Select
:vmap  :vnoremap  :vunmap  :vmapclear       yes      yes
:xmap  :xnoremap  :xunmap  :xmapclear       yes       -
:smap  :snoremap  :sunmap  :smapclear       -        yes

                        mapmode-ic mapmode-i mapmode-c mapmode-l
Some commands work both in Insert mode and Command-line mode, some not:

    COMMANDS                                  MODES
                                          Insert  Command-line  Lang-Arg
:map!  :noremap!  :unmap!  :mapclear!       yes        yes         -
:imap  :inoremap  :iunmap  :imapclear       yes         -          -
:cmap  :cnoremap  :cunmap  :cmapclear        -         yes         -
:lmap  :lnoremap  :lunmap  :lmapclear       yes*       yes*       yes*

* If 'iminsert' is 1, see language-mapping below.

The original Vi did not have separate mappings for
Normal/Visual/Operator-pending mode and for Insert/Command-line mode.
Therefore the ":map" and ":map!" commands enter and display mappings for
several modes.  In Vim you can use the ":nmap", ":vmap", ":omap", ":cmap" and
":imap" commands to enter mappings for each mode separately.

                                                        mapmode-t
The terminal mappings are used in a terminal window, when typing keys for the
job running in the terminal.  See terminal-typing.

                                                        omap-info
Operator-pending mappings can be used to define a movement command that can be
used with any operator.  Simple example:
makes "y{" work like "yw" and "d{" like "dw".

To ignore the starting cursor position and select different text, you can have
the omap start Visual mode to select the text to be operated upon.  Example
that operates on a function name in the current line:
The CTRL-U (<C-U>) is used to remove the range that Vim may insert.  The
Normal mode commands find the first '(' character and select the first word
before it.  That usually is the function name.

To enter a mapping for Normal and Visual mode, but not Operator-pending mode,
first define it for all three modes, then unmap it for
Operator-pending mode:

Likewise for a mapping for Visual and Operator-pending mode or Normal and
Operator-pending mode.

                                                language-mapping
":lmap" defines a mapping that applies to:
- Insert mode
- Command-line mode
- when entering a search pattern
- the argument of the commands that accept a text character, such as "r" and
  "f"
- for the input() line
Generally: Whenever a character is to be typed that is part of the text in the
buffer, not a Vim command character.  "Lang-Arg" isn't really another mode,
it's just used here for this situation.
   The simplest way to load a set of related language mappings is by using the
'keymap' option.  See 45.5.
   In Insert mode and in Command-line mode the mappings can be disabled with
the CTRL-^ command i_CTRL-^ c_CTRL-^. These commands change the value of
the 'iminsert' option.  When starting to enter a normal command line (not a
search pattern) the mappings are disabled until a CTRL-^ is typed.  The state
last used is remembered for Insert mode and Search patterns separately.  The
state for Insert mode is also used when typing a character as an argument to
command like "f" or "t".
   Language mappings will never be applied to already mapped characters.  They
are only used for typed characters.  This assumes that the language mapping
was already done when typing the mapping.


1.4 LISTING MAPPINGS                                    map-listing

When listing mappings the characters in the first two columns are:

      CHAR      MODE
     <Space>    Normal, Visual, Select and Operator-pending
        n       Normal
        v       Visual and Select
        s       Select
        x       Visual
        o       Operator-pending
        !       Insert and Command-line
        i       Insert
        l       ":lmap" mappings for Insert, Command-line and Lang-Arg
        c       Command-line
        t       Terminal-Job

Just before the {rhs} a special character can appear:
        *       indicates that it is not remappable
        &       indicates that only script-local mappings are remappable
        @       indicates a buffer-local mapping

Everything from the first non-blank after {lhs} up to the end of the line
(or '|') is considered to be part of {rhs}.  This allows the {rhs} to end
with a space.

Note: When using mappings for Visual mode, you can use the "'<" mark, which
is the start of the last selected Visual area in the current buffer '<.

The :filter command can be used to select what mappings to list.  The
pattern is matched against the {lhs} and {rhs} in the raw form.

While mappings are being listed, it is not possible to add or clear mappings,
e.g. from a timer callback. E1309

                                                        :map-verbose
When 'verbose' is non-zero, the detected and used 'keyprotocol' value will be
displayed in the first line. Also a key map will also display where it was
last defined.  Example:


See :verbose-cmd for more information.


1.5 MAPPING SPECIAL KEYS                                :map-special-keys

There are three ways to map a special key:
1. The Vi-compatible method: Map the key code.  Often this is a sequence that
   starts with <Esc>.  To enter a mapping like this you type ":map " and then
   you have to type CTRL-V before hitting the function key.  Note that when
   the key code for the key is in the termcap (the t_ options), it will
   automatically be translated into the internal code and become the second
   way of mapping (unless the 'k' flag is included in 'cpoptions').
2. The second method is to use the internal code for the function key.  To
   enter such a mapping type CTRL-K and then hit the function key, or use
   the form "#1", "#2", .. "#9", "#0", "<Up>", "<S-Down>", "<S-F7>", etc.
   (see table of keys key-notation, all keys from <Up> can be used).  The
   first ten function keys can be defined in two ways: Just the number, like
   "#2", and with "<F>", like "<F2>".  Both stand for function key 2.  "#0"
   refers to function key 10, defined with option 't_f10', which may be
   function key zero on some keyboards.  The <> form cannot be used when
   'cpoptions' includes the '<' flag.
3. Use the termcap entry, with the form <t_xx>, where "xx" is the name of the
   termcap entry.  Any string entry can be used.  For example:
   Maps function key 13 to "G".  This does not work if 'cpoptions' includes
   the '<' flag.

The advantage of the second and third method is that the mapping will work on
different terminals without modification (the function key will be
translated into the same internal code or the actual key code, no matter what
terminal you are using.  The termcap must be correct for this to work, and you
must use the same mappings).

DETAIL: Vim first checks if a sequence from the keyboard is mapped.  If it
isn't the terminal key codes are tried (see terminal-options).  If a
terminal code is found it is replaced with the internal code.  Then the check
for a mapping is done again (so you can map an internal code to something
else).  What is written into the script file depends on what is recognized.
If the terminal key code was recognized as a mapping the key code itself is
written to the script file.  If it was recognized as a terminal code the
internal code is written to the script file.


1.6 SPECIAL CHARACTERS                                  :map-special-chars
                                                map_backslash map-backslash
Note that only CTRL-V is mentioned here as a special character for mappings
and abbreviations.  When 'cpoptions' does not contain 'B', a backslash can
also be used like CTRL-V.  The <> notation can be fully used then <>.  But
you cannot use "<C-V>" like CTRL-V to escape the special meaning of what
follows.

To map a backslash, or use a backslash literally in the {rhs}, the special
sequence "<Bslash>" can be used.  This avoids the need to double backslashes
when using nested mappings.

                                                map_CTRL-C map-CTRL-C
Using CTRL-C in the {lhs} is possible, but it will only work when Vim is
waiting for a key, not when Vim is busy with something.  When Vim is busy
CTRL-C interrupts/breaks the command.
When using the GUI version on MS-Windows CTRL-C can be mapped to allow a Copy
command to the clipboard.  Use CTRL-Break to interrupt Vim.

                                        map_space_in_lhs map-space_in_lhs
To include a space in {lhs} precede it with a CTRL-V (type two CTRL-Vs for
each space).
                                        map_space_in_rhs map-space_in_rhs
If you want a {rhs} that starts with a space, use "<Space>".  To be fully Vi
compatible (but unreadable) don't use the <> notation, precede {rhs} with a
single CTRL-V (you have to type CTRL-V two times).
                                                map_empty_rhs map-empty-rhs
You can create an empty {rhs} by typing nothing after a single CTRL-V (you
have to type CTRL-V two times).  Unfortunately, you cannot do this in a vimrc
file.
                                                        <Nop>
An easier way to get a mapping that doesn't produce anything, is to use
"<Nop>" for the {rhs}.  This only works when the <> notation is enabled.
For example, to make sure that function key 8 does nothing at all:

                                                        map-multibyte
It is possible to map multibyte characters, but only the whole character.  You
cannot map the first byte only.  This was done to prevent problems in this
scenario:
The mapping for <M-C> is defined with the latin1 encoding, resulting in a 0xc3
byte.  If you type the character á (0xe1 <M-a>) in UTF-8 encoding this is the
two bytes 0xc3 0xa1.  You don't want the 0xc3 byte to be mapped then or
otherwise it would be impossible to type the á character.

                                        <Leader> mapleader
To define a mapping which uses the "g:mapleader" variable, the special string
"<Leader>" can be used.  It is replaced with the string value of
"g:mapleader".  If "g:mapleader" is not set or empty, a backslash is used
instead.  Example:
Works like:
But after (legacy script):
Or (Vim9 script):
It works like:

Note that the value of "g:mapleader" is used at the moment the mapping is
defined.  Changing "g:mapleader" after that has no effect for already defined
mappings.

                                        <LocalLeader> maplocalleader
<LocalLeader> is just like <Leader>, except that it uses "maplocalleader"
instead of "mapleader".  <LocalLeader> is to be used for mappings which are
local to a buffer.  Example:

In a global plugin <Leader> should be used and in a filetype plugin
<LocalLeader>.  "mapleader" and "maplocalleader" can be equal.  Although, if
you make them different, there is a smaller chance of mappings from global
plugins to clash with mappings for filetype plugins.  For example, you could
keep "mapleader" at the default backslash, and set "maplocalleader" to an
underscore.

                                                        map-<SID>
In a script the special key name "<SID>" can be used to define a mapping
that's local to the script.  See <SID> for details.

                                                        <Plug>
The special key name "<Plug>" can be used for an internal mapping, which is
not to be matched with any key sequence.  This is useful in plugins
using-<Plug>.

                                                        <MouseMove>
The special key name "<MouseMove>" can be used to handle mouse movement.  It
needs to be enabled with 'mousemoveevent'.  Currently only works in the GUI.
The getmousepos() function can be used to obtain the mouse position.

                                                        <Char> <Char->
To map a character by its decimal, octal or hexadecimal number the <Char>
construct can be used:
        <Char-123>      character 123
        <Char-033>      character 27
        <Char-0x7f>     character 127
        <S-Char-114>    character 114 ('r') shifted ('R')
This is useful to specify a (multibyte) character in a 'keymap' file.
Upper and lowercase differences are ignored.

                                                        map-comments
It is not possible to put a comment after these commands, because the '"'
character is considered to be part of the {lhs} or {rhs}. However, one can
use |", since this starts a new, empty command with a comment.

                                                        map_bar map-bar
Since the '|' character is used to separate a map command from the next
command, you will have to do something special to include  a '|' in {rhs}.
There are three methods:
   use       works when                    example
   <Bar>     '<' is not in 'cpoptions'     :map _l :!ls <Bar> more^M
   \|        'b' is not in 'cpoptions'     :map _l :!ls \| more^M
   ^V|       always, in Vim and Vi         :map _l :!ls ^V| more^M

(here ^V stands for CTRL-V; to get one CTRL-V you have to type it twice; you
cannot use the <> notation "<C-V>" here).

All three work when you use the default setting for 'cpoptions'.

When 'b' is present in 'cpoptions', "\|" will be recognized as a mapping
ending in a '\' and then another command.  This is Vi compatible, but
illogical when compared to other commands.

                                                map_return map-return
When you have a mapping that contains an Ex command, you need to put a line
terminator after it to have it executed.  The use of <CR> is recommended for
this (see <>).  Example:

To avoid mapping of the characters you type in insert or Command-line mode,
type a CTRL-V first.  The mapping in Insert mode is disabled if the 'paste'
option is on.
                                                        map-error
Note that when an error is encountered (that causes an error message or might
cause a beep) the rest of the mapping is not executed.  This is Vi-compatible.

Note that the second character (argument) of the commands @zZtTfF[]rm'`"v
and CTRL-X is not mapped.  This was done to be able to use all the named
registers and marks, even when the command with the same name has been
mapped.


1.7 WHAT KEYS TO MAP                                    map-which-keys

If you are going to map something, you will need to choose which key(s) to use
for the {lhs}.  You will have to avoid keys that are used for Vim commands,
otherwise you would not be able to use those commands anymore.  Here are a few
suggestions:
- Function keys <F2>, <F3>, etc..  Also the shifted function keys <S-F1>,
  <S-F2>, etc.  Note that <F1> is already used for the help command.
- Any key with the Alt or Meta key pressed.  Depending on your keyboard
  accented characters may be used as well. :map-alt-keys
- Use the '_' or ',' character and then any other character.  The "_" and ","
  commands do exist in Vim (see _ and ,), but you probably never use them.
- Use a key that is a synonym for another command.  For example: CTRL-P and
  CTRL-N.  Use an extra character to allow more mappings.
- The key defined by <Leader> and one or more other keys.  This is especially
  useful in scripts. mapleader

See the file "index" for keys that are not used and thus can be mapped without
losing any builtin function.  You can also use ":help {key}^D" to find out if
a key is used for some command.  ({key} is the specific key you want to find
out about, ^D is CTRL-D).


1.8 EXAMPLES                                            map-examples

A few examples (given as you type them, for "<CR>" you type four characters;
the '<' flag must not be present in 'cpoptions' for this to work).



Multiplying a count

When you type a count before triggering a mapping, it's like the count was
typed before the {lhs}.  For example, with this mapping:
Typing 2<F4> will result in "23w". Thus not moving 2 * 3 words but 23 words.
If you want to multiply counts use the expression register:
The part between quotes is the expression being executed. @=


1.9 USING MAPPINGS                                      map-typing

Vim will compare what you type with the start of a mapped sequence.  If there
is an incomplete match, it will get more characters until there either is a
complete match or until there is no match at all.  Example: If you map! "qq",
the first 'q' will not appear on the screen until you type another
character.  This is because Vim cannot know if the next character will be a
'q' or not.  If the 'timeout' option is on (which is the default) Vim will
only wait for one second (or as long as specified with the 'timeoutlen'
option).  After that it assumes that the 'q' is to be interpreted as such.  If
you type slowly, or your system is slow, reset the 'timeout' option.  Then you
might want to set the 'ttimeout' option.

                                                        map-precedence
Buffer-local mappings (defined using :map-<buffer>) take precedence over
global mappings.  When a buffer-local mapping is the same as a global mapping,
Vim will use the buffer-local mapping.  In addition, Vim will use a complete
mapping immediately if it was defined with <nowait>, even if a longer mapping
has the same prefix.  For example, given the following two mappings:
When typing \a the buffer-local mapping will be used immediately.  Vim will
not wait for more characters to see if the user might be typing \abc.

                                                        map-keys-fails
There are situations where key codes might not be recognized:
- Vim can only read part of the key code.  Mostly this is only the first
  character.  This happens on some Unix versions in an xterm.
- The key code is after character(s) that are mapped.  E.g., "<F1><F1>" or
  "g<F1>".

The result is that the key code is not recognized in this situation, and the
mapping fails.  There are two actions needed to avoid this problem:

- Remove the 'K' flag from 'cpoptions'.  This will make Vim wait for the rest
  of the characters of the function key.
- When using <F1> to <F4> the actual key code generated may correspond to
  <xF1> to <xF4>.  There are mappings from <xF1> to <F1>, <xF2> to <F2>, etc.,
  but these are not recognized after another half a mapping.  Make sure the
  key codes for <F1> to <F4> are correct:
  Type the <F1> as four characters.  The part after the "=" must be done with
  the actual keys, not the literal text.
Another solution is to use the actual key code in the mapping for the second
special key:
Don't type a real <Esc>, Vim will recognize the key code and replace it with
<F1> anyway.

Another problem may be that when keeping ALT or Meta pressed the terminal
prepends ESC instead of setting the 8th bit.  See :map-alt-keys.

                                                recursive_mapping
If you include the {lhs} in the {rhs} you have a recursive mapping.  When
{lhs} is typed, it will be replaced with {rhs}.  When the {lhs} which is
included in {rhs} is encountered it will be replaced with {rhs}, and so on.
This makes it possible to repeat a command an infinite number of times.  The
only problem is that the only way to stop this is by causing an error.  The
macros to solve a maze uses this, look there for an example.  There is one
exception: If the {rhs} starts with {lhs}, the first character is not mapped
again (this is Vi compatible).
For example:
will execute the "a" command and insert "bcd" in the text.  The "ab" in the
{rhs} will not be mapped again.

If you want to exchange the meaning of two keys you should use the :noremap
command.  For example:
This will exchange the cursor up and down commands.

With the normal :map command, when the 'remap' option is on, mapping takes
place until the text is found not to be a part of a {lhs}.  For example, if
you use:
Vim will replace x with y, and then y with x, etc.  When this has happened
'maxmapdepth' times (default 1000), Vim will give the error message
"recursive mapping".

                                                        :map-undo
If you include an undo command inside a mapped sequence, this will bring the
text back in the state before executing the macro.  This is compatible with
the original Vi, as long as there is only one undo command in the mapped
sequence (having two undo commands in a mapped sequence did not make sense
in the original Vi, you would get back the text before the first undo).


1.10 MAPPING ALT-KEYS                                   :map-alt-keys

For a readable mapping command the <A-k> form can be used.  Note that <A-k>
and <A-K> are different, the latter will use an upper case letter.  Actually,
<A-K> and <A-S-K> are the same.  Instead of "A" you can use "M".  If you have
an actual Meta modifier key, please see :map-meta-keys.

In the GUI Vim handles the Alt key itself, thus mapping keys with ALT should
always work.  But in a terminal Vim gets a sequence of bytes and has to figure
out whether ALT was pressed or not.

If the terminal supports the modifyOtherKeys mode and it has been enabled,
then Vim can recognize more key combinations, see modifyOtherKeys below.
The Kitty keyboard protocol works in a similar way, see
kitty-keyboard-protocol.

By default Vim assumes that pressing the ALT key sets the 8th bit of a typed
character.  Most decent terminals can work that way, such as xterm, aterm and
rxvt.  If your <A-k> mappings don't work it might be that the terminal is
prefixing the character with an ESC character.  But you can just as well type
ESC before a character, thus Vim doesn't know what happened (except for
checking the delay between characters, which is not reliable).

As of this writing, some mainstream terminals like gnome-terminal and konsole
use the ESC prefix.  There doesn't appear a way to have them use the 8th bit
instead.  Xterm should work well by default.  Aterm and rxvt should work well
when started with the "--meta8" argument.  You can also tweak resources like
"metaSendsEscape", "eightBitInput" and "eightBitOutput".

On the Linux console, this behavior can be toggled with the "setmetamode"
command.  Bear in mind that not using an ESC prefix could get you in trouble
with other programs.  You should make sure that bash has the "convert-meta"
option set to "on" in order for your Meta keybindings to still work on it
(it's the default readline behavior, unless changed by specific system
configuration).  For that, you can add the line:


to your ~/.inputrc file. If you're creating the file, you might want to use:


as the first line, if that file exists on your system, to keep global options.
This may cause a problem for entering special characters, such as the umlaut.
Then you should use CTRL-V before that character.

Bear in mind that convert-meta has been reported to have troubles when used in
UTF-8 locales.  On terminals like xterm, the "metaSendsEscape" resource can be
toggled on the fly through the "Main Options" menu, by pressing Ctrl-LeftClick
on the terminal; that's a good last resource in case you want to send ESC when
using other applications but not when inside Vim.


1.11 MAPPING META-KEYS                                  :map-meta-keys

Mapping keys with the Meta modifier works very similar to using the Alt key.
What key on your keyboard produces the Meta modifier depends on your keyboard
and configuration.

Note that mapping <M-a> actually is for using the Alt key.  That can be
confusing!  It cannot be changed, it would not be backwards compatible.

For the Meta modifier the "T" character is used.  For example, to map Meta-b
in Insert mode:

1.12 MAPPING SUPER-KEYS or COMMAND-KEYS      :map-super-keys :map-cmd-key

The Super modifier is available in GUI mode (when gui_running is 1) for gVim
on Linux and MacVim on Mac OS. If you're on a Mac, this represents the Command
key, on Linux with the GTK GUI it represents the Super key.
The character "D" is used for the Super / Command modifier.

For example, to map Command-b in Insert mode:

1.13 MAPPING IN modifyOtherKeys mode                    modifyOtherKeys

Xterm and a few other terminals can be put in a mode where keys with modifiers
are sent with a special escape code.  Vim recognizes these codes and can then
make a difference between CTRL-H and Backspace, even when Backspace sends the
character 8.  And many more special keys, such as Tab and CTRL-I, which cannot
be mapped separately otherwise.

For xterm modifyOtherKeys is enabled in the builtin termcap entry.  If this is
not used you can enable modifyOtherKeys with these lines in your vimrc:

This sets modifyOtherKeys to level 2.  Note that modifyOtherKeys level 1 does
not work.  Some terminals do not support level 2 and then send key codes that
Vim will not be able to correctly recognize.

In case the modifyOtherKeys mode causes problems you can disable it:
It does not take effect immediately.  To have this work without restarting Vim
execute a shell command, e.g.: !ls  Or put the lines in your vimrc.

When modifyOtherKeys is enabled you can map <C-[> and <C-S-{>:
Without modifyOtherKeys <C-[> and <C-{> are indistinguishable from Esc.
Note that <C-{> is used and not <C-S-[> or <C-S-{>.  This works on most
keyboards.  Similarly, <C-}> is used instead of <C-S-]> or <C-S-}> and
<C-|> instead of <C-S-\> or <C-S-|>.  Note that '|' has a special meaning in a
mapping, see map-bar.

WARNING: if you map <C-[> you may very well break any key codes that start
with Esc.  Make sure it comes AFTER other mappings.

Starting with xterm version 377 Vim can detect the modifyOtherKeys state by
requesting it.  For this the 't_RK' termcap entry is used.  When the response
is found then Vim will know whether modifyOtherKeys level 2 is enabled, and
handle mappings accordingly.

Before version 377 Vim automatically detects if the modifyOtherKeys mode was
enabled when it spots an escape sequence that must have been created by it.
To see if Vim detected such an escape sequence use :verbose map, the first
line will then show "Seen modifyOtherKeys: true" (possibly translated).

This automatic detection depends on receiving an escape code starting with
"<1b>[27;".  This is the normal way xterm sends these key codes.  However, if
the formatOtherKeys resource is set another form is used that is not
recognized, therefore you must not set formatOtherKeys.

A known side effect is that in Insert mode the raw escape sequence is inserted
after the CTRL-V key.  This can be used to check whether modifyOtherKeys is
enabled: In Insert mode type CTRL-SHIFT-V CTRL-V, if you get one byte then
modifyOtherKeys is off, if you get <1b>[27;5;118~ then it is on.

Note that xterm up to version 376 has a bug that makes Shift-Esc send a
regular Esc code, the Shift modifier is dropped.

When the 'esckeys' option is off, then modifyOtherKeys will be disabled in
Insert mode to avoid every key with a modifier causing Insert mode to end.


1.14 MAPPING WITH KITTY KEYBOARD PROTOCOL        kitty-keyboard-protocol

If the value of 'term' contains "kitty" then Vim will send out an escape
sequence to enable the Kitty keyboard protocol.  This can be changed with the
'keyprotocol' option.

Like modifyOtherKeys, this will make it possible to distinguish between more
keys with modifiers.  Also, this protocol sends an escape sequence for the Esc
key, so that Vim does not need to use a timeout to know whether receiving an
Esc character means the Esc key was pressed or it's the start of an escape
sequence.

Vim automatically detects if the Kitty keyboard protocol was enabled when it
spots the response to the status request (this should be part of the t_TI
termcap entry).  To see if Vim detected such an escape sequence use:
The first line will then show "Kitty keyboard protocol: {value}" (possibly
translated).  The meaning of {value}:
        Unknown         no status received yet
        Off             protocol is not used
        On              protocol is used
        Disabled        protocol was used but expected to have been disabled
                        by 't_TE'
        Cleared         protocol expected to have been disabled by 't_TE',
                        previous state is unknown


1.15 MAPPING AN OPERATOR                                :map-operator

An operator is used before a {motion} command.  To define your own operator
you must create a mapping that first sets the 'operatorfunc' option and then
invoke the g@ operator.  After the user types the {motion} command the
specified function will be called.

                                                        g@ E774 E775
g@{motion}              Call the function set by the 'operatorfunc' option.
                        The '[ mark is positioned at the start of the text
                        moved over by {motion}, the '] mark on the last
                        character of the text.
                        The function is called with one String argument:
                            "line"      {motion} was linewise
                            "char"      {motion} was characterwise
                            "block"     {motion} was blockwise-visual
                        The type can be forced, see forced-motion.
                        {not available when compiled without the +eval
                        feature}

Here is an example that counts the number of spaces with <F4>:





An <expr> mapping is used to be able to fetch any prefixed count and register.
This also avoids using a command line, which would trigger CmdlineEnter and
CmdlineLeave autocommands.

Note that the 'selection' option is temporarily set to "inclusive" to be able
to yank exactly the right text by using Visual mode from the '[ to the ']
mark.

Also note that the 'clipboard' option is temporarily emptied to avoid
clobbering the "* or "+ registers, if its value contains the item unnamed
or unnamedplus.

The mode() function will return the state as it will be after applying the
operator.

Here is an example for using a lambda function to create a normal-mode
operator to add quotes around text in the current line:


==============================================================================
2. Abbreviations                        abbreviations Abbreviations

Abbreviations are used in Insert mode, Replace mode and Command-line mode.
If you enter a word that is an abbreviation, it is replaced with the word it
stands for.  This can be used to save typing for often used long words.  And
you can use it to automatically correct obvious spelling errors.
Examples:

        :iab ms Microsoft
        :iab tihs this

There are three types of abbreviations:

full-id   The "full-id" type consists entirely of keyword characters (letters
          and characters from 'iskeyword' option).  This is the most common
          abbreviation.

          Examples: "foo", "g3", "-1"

end-id    The "end-id" type ends in a keyword character, but all the other
          characters are not keyword characters.

          Examples: "#i", "..f", "$/7"

non-id    The "non-id" type ends in a non-keyword character, the other
          characters may be of any type, excluding space and tab.  {this type
          is not supported by Vi}

          Examples: "def#", "4/7$"

Examples of strings that cannot be abbreviations: "a.b", "#def", "a b", "_$r"

An abbreviation is only recognized when you type a non-keyword character.
This can also be the <Esc> that ends Insert mode or the <CR> that ends a
command.  The non-keyword character which ends the abbreviation is inserted
after the expanded abbreviation.  An exception to this is the character <C-]>,
which is used to expand an abbreviation without inserting any extra
characters.

Example:
            "hh<Space>" is expanded to "hello<Space>"
            "hh<C-]>" is expanded to "hello"

The characters before the cursor must match the abbreviation.  Each type has
an additional rule:

full-id   In front of the match is a non-keyword character, or this is where
          the line or insertion starts.  Exception: When the abbreviation is
          only one character, it is not recognized if there is a non-keyword
          character in front of it, other than a space or a tab. However, for
          the command line "'<,'>" (or any other marks) is ignored, as if the
          command line starts after it.

end-id    In front of the match is a keyword character, or a space or a tab,
          or this is where the line or insertion starts.

non-id    In front of the match is a space, tab or the start of the line or
          the insertion.

Examples: ({CURSOR} is where you type a non-keyword character)
                " foo{CURSOR}"    is expanded to " four old otters"
                " foobar{CURSOR}" is not expanded
                "barfoo{CURSOR}"  is not expanded

                "#i{CURSOR}"      is expanded to "#include"
                ">#i{CURSOR}"     is not expanded

                "test;;"          is not expanded
                "test ;;"         is expanded to "test <endofline>"

To avoid the abbreviation in Insert mode: Type CTRL-V before the character
that would trigger the abbreviation.  E.g. CTRL-V <Space>.  Or type part of
the abbreviation, exit insert mode with <Esc>, re-enter insert mode with "a"
and type the rest.

To avoid the abbreviation in Command-line mode: Type CTRL-V twice somewhere in
the abbreviation to avoid it to be replaced.  A CTRL-V in front of a normal
character is mostly ignored otherwise.

It is possible to move the cursor after an abbreviation:
This does not work if 'cpoptions' includes the '<' flag. <>

You can even do more complicated things.  For example, to consume the space
typed after an abbreviation:

There are no default abbreviations.

Abbreviations are never recursive.  You can use ":ab f f-o-o" without any
problem.  But abbreviations can be mapped.  {some versions of Vi support
recursive abbreviations, for no apparent reason}

Abbreviations are disabled if the 'paste' option is on.

                                :abbreviate-local :abbreviate-<buffer>
Just like mappings, abbreviations can be local to a buffer.  This is mostly
used in a filetype-plugin file.  Example for a C plugin file:

                                                :ab :abbreviate
:ab[breviate]           list all abbreviations.  The character in the first
                        column indicates the mode where the abbreviation is
                        used: 'i' for insert mode, 'c' for Command-line
                        mode, '!' for both.  These are the same as for
                        mappings, see map-listing.

                                                :abbreviate-verbose
When 'verbose' is non-zero, listing an abbreviation will also display where it
was last defined.  Example:


See :verbose-cmd for more information.

:ab[breviate] {lhs}     list the abbreviations that start with {lhs}
                        You may need to insert a CTRL-V (type it twice) to
                        avoid that a typed {lhs} is expanded, since
                        command-line abbreviations apply here.

:ab[breviate] [<expr>] [<buffer>] {lhs} {rhs}
                        add abbreviation for {lhs} to {rhs}.  If {lhs} already
                        existed it is replaced with the new {rhs}.  {rhs} may
                        contain spaces.
                        See :map-<expr> for the optional <expr> argument.
                        See :map-<buffer> for the optional <buffer> argument.

                                                :una :unabbreviate
:una[bbreviate] [<buffer>] {lhs}
                        Remove abbreviation for {lhs} from the list.  If none
                        is found, remove abbreviations in which {lhs} matches
                        with the {rhs}.  This is done so that you can even
                        remove abbreviations after expansion.  To avoid
                        expansion insert a CTRL-V (type it twice).

                                                :norea :noreabbrev
:norea[bbrev] [<expr>] [<buffer>] [lhs] [rhs]
                        Same as ":ab", but no remapping for this {rhs}.

                                                :ca :cab :cabbrev
:ca[bbrev] [<expr>] [<buffer>] [lhs] [rhs]
                        Same as ":ab", but for Command-line mode only.

                                                :cuna :cunabbrev
:cuna[bbrev] [<buffer>] {lhs}
                        Same as ":una", but for Command-line mode only.

                                                :cnorea :cnoreabbrev
:cnorea[bbrev] [<expr>] [<buffer>] [lhs] [rhs]
                        same as ":ab", but for Command-line mode only and no
                        remapping for this {rhs}

                                                :ia :iabbrev
:ia[bbrev] [<expr>] [<buffer>] [lhs] [rhs]
                        Same as ":ab", but for Insert mode only.

                                                :iuna :iunabbrev
:iuna[bbrev] [<buffer>] {lhs}
                        Same as ":una", but for insert mode only.

                                                :inorea :inoreabbrev
:inorea[bbrev] [<expr>] [<buffer>] [lhs] [rhs]
                        Same as ":ab", but for Insert mode only and no
                        remapping for this {rhs}.

                                                        :abc :abclear
:abc[lear] [<buffer>]   Remove all abbreviations.

                                                        :iabc :iabclear
:iabc[lear] [<buffer>]  Remove all abbreviations for Insert mode.

                                                        :cabc :cabclear
:cabc[lear] [<buffer>]  Remove all abbreviations for Command-line mode.

                                                        using_CTRL-V
It is possible to use special characters in the rhs of an abbreviation.
CTRL-V has to be used to avoid the special meaning of most non printable
characters.  How many CTRL-Vs need to be typed depends on how you enter the
abbreviation.  This also applies to mappings.  Let's use an example here.

Suppose you want to abbreviate "esc" to enter an <Esc> character.  When you
type the ":ab" command in Vim, you have to enter this: (here ^V is a CTRL-V
and ^[ is <Esc>)

You type:   ab esc ^V^V^V^V^V^[

        All keyboard input is subjected to ^V quote interpretation, so
        the first, third, and fifth ^V  characters simply allow the second,
        and fourth ^Vs, and the ^[, to be entered into the command-line.

You see:    ab esc ^V^V^[

        The command-line contains two actual ^Vs before the ^[.  This is
        how it should appear in your .exrc file, if you choose to go that
        route.  The first ^V is there to quote the second ^V; the :ab
        command uses ^V as its own quote character, so you can include quoted
        whitespace or the | character in the abbreviation.  The :ab command
        doesn't do anything special with the ^[ character, so it doesn't need
        to be quoted.  (Although quoting isn't harmful; that's why typing 7
        [but not 8!] ^Vs works.)

Stored as:  esc     ^V^[

        After parsing, the abbreviation's short form ("esc") and long form
        (the two characters "^V^[") are stored in the abbreviation table.
        If you give the :ab command with no arguments, this is how the
        abbreviation will be displayed.

        Later, when the abbreviation is expanded because the user typed in
        the word "esc", the long form is subjected to the same type of
        ^V interpretation as keyboard input.  So the ^V protects the ^[
        character from being interpreted as the "exit Insert mode" character.
        Instead, the ^[ is inserted into the text.

Expands to: ^[

[example given by Steve Kirkendall]

==============================================================================
3. Local mappings and functions                         script-local

When using several Vim script files, there is the danger that mappings and
functions used in one script use the same name as in other scripts.  To avoid
this, they can be made local to the script.

                                                <SID> <SNR> E81
The string "<SID>" can be used in a mapping or menu.  This requires that the
'<' flag is not present in 'cpoptions'.  This is useful if you have a
script-local function that you want to call from a mapping in the same script.
   When executing the map command, Vim will replace "<SID>" with the special
key code <SNR>, followed by a number that's unique for the script, and an
underscore.  Example:
would define a mapping "<SNR>23_Add".

When defining a function in a script, "s:" can be prepended to the name to
make it local to the script (in Vim9 script functions without a prefix are
local to the script).  But when a mapping is executed from outside of
the script, it doesn't know in which script the function was defined.  To
avoid this problem, use "<SID>" instead of "s:".  The same translation is done
as for mappings.  This makes it possible to define a call to the function in
a mapping.

When a local function is executed, it runs in the context of the script it was
defined in.  This means that new functions and mappings it defines can also
use "s:" or "<SID>" and it will use the same unique number as when the
function itself was defined.  Also, the "s:var" local script variables can be
used.

When executing an autocommand or a user command, it will run in the context of
the script it was defined in.  This makes it possible that the command calls a
local function or uses a local mapping.

In case the value is used in a context where <SID> cannot be correctly
expanded, use the expand() function:

Otherwise, using "<SID>" outside of a script context is an error.

If you need to get the script number to use in a complicated script, you can
use this function:

The "<SNR>" will be shown when listing functions and mappings.  This is useful
to find out what they are defined to.

The :scriptnames command can be used to see which scripts have been sourced
and what their <SNR> number is.

This is all {not available when compiled without the +eval feature}.

==============================================================================
4. User-defined commands                                user-commands

It is possible to define your own Ex commands.  A user-defined command can act
just like a built-in command (it can have a range or arguments, arguments can
be completed as filenames or buffer names, etc), except that when the command
is executed, it is transformed into a normal Ex command and then executed.

For starters: See section 40.2 in the user manual.

                                        E183 E841 user-cmd-ambiguous
All user defined commands must start with an uppercase letter, to avoid
confusion with builtin commands.  Exceptions are these builtin commands:
        :Next
        :X
They cannot be used for a user defined command.  ":Print" is also an existing
command, but it is deprecated and can be overruled.

The other characters of the user command can be uppercase letters, lowercase
letters or digits.  When using digits, note that other commands that take a
numeric argument may become ambiguous.  For example, the command ":Cc2" could
be the user command ":Cc2" without an argument, or the command ":Cc" with
argument "2".  It is advised to put a space between the command name and the
argument to avoid these problems.

When using a user-defined command, the command can be abbreviated.  However, if
an abbreviation is not unique, an error will be issued.  Furthermore, a
built-in command will always take precedence.

Example:

It is recommended that full names for user-defined commands are used in
scripts.

:com[mand]                                              :com :command
                        List all user-defined commands.  When listing commands,
                        the characters in the first columns are:
                            !   Command has the -bang attribute
                            "   Command has the -register attribute
                            |   Command has the -bar attribute
                            b   Command is local to current buffer
                        (see below for details on attributes)
                        The list can be filtered on command name with
                        :filter, e.g., to list all commands with "Pyth" in
                        the name:

:com[mand] {cmd}        List the user-defined commands that start with {cmd}

                                                        :command-verbose
When 'verbose' is non-zero, listing a command will also display where it was
last defined and any completion argument. Example:

        Name        Args Range Complete  Definition
        TOhtml      0    %               :call Convert2HTML(<line1>, <line2>)
            Last set from /usr/share/vim/vim-7.0/plugin/tohtml.vim

See :verbose-cmd for more information.

                                                        E174 E182
:com[mand][!] [{attr}...] {cmd} {repl}
                        Define a user command.  The name of the command is
                        {cmd} and its replacement text is {repl}.  The
                        command's attributes (see below) are {attr}.  If the
                        command already exists, an error is reported, unless a
                        ! is specified, in which case the command is
                        redefined.  There is one exception: When sourcing a
                        script again, a command that was previously defined in
                        that script will be silently replaced.


:delc[ommand] {cmd}                             :delc :delcommand E184
                        Delete the user-defined command {cmd}.
                        This is not allowed while listing commands, e.g. from
                        a timer. E1311

:delc[ommand] -buffer {cmd}                                     E1237
                        Delete the user-defined command {cmd} that was defined
                        for the current buffer.

:comc[lear]                                             :comc :comclear
                        Delete all user-defined commands.


Command attributes
                                                        command-attributes
User-defined commands are treated by Vim just like any other Ex commands.  They
can have arguments, or have a range specified.  Arguments are subject to
completion as filenames, buffers, etc.  Exactly how this works depends upon the
command's attributes, which are specified when the command is defined.

When defining a user command in a script, it will be able to call functions
local to the script and use mappings local to the script.  When the user
invokes the user command, it will run in the context of the script it was
defined in.  This matters if <SID> is used in a command.

There are a number of attributes, split into four categories: argument
handling, completion behavior, range handling, and special cases.  The
attributes are described below, by category.


Argument handling
                                                E175 E176 :command-nargs
By default, a user defined command will take no arguments (and an error is
reported if any are supplied).  However, it is possible to specify that the
command can take arguments, using the -nargs attribute.  Valid cases are:

        -nargs=0    No arguments are allowed (the default)
        -nargs=1    Exactly one argument is required, it includes spaces
        -nargs=*    Any number of arguments are allowed (0, 1, or many),
                    separated by white space
        -nargs=?    0 or 1 arguments are allowed
        -nargs=+    Arguments must be supplied, but any number are allowed

Arguments are considered to be separated by (unescaped) spaces or tabs in this
context, except when there is one argument, then the white space is part of
the argument.

Note that arguments are used as text, not as expressions.  Specifically,
"s:var" will use the script-local variable in the script where the command was
defined, not where it is invoked!  Example:
    script1.vim:
    script2.vim:
Executing script2.vim will result in "None" being echoed.  Not what you
intended!  Calling a function may be an alternative.


Completion behavior
                                :command-completion E179 E180 E181
                                :command-complete
By default, the arguments of user defined commands do not undergo completion.
However, by specifying one or the other of the following attributes, argument
completion can be enabled:

        -complete=arglist       file names in argument list
        -complete=augroup       autocmd groups
        -complete=behave        :behave suboptions
        -complete=breakpoint    :breakadd suboptions
        -complete=buffer        buffer names
        -complete=color         color schemes
        -complete=command       Ex command (and arguments)
        -complete=compiler      compilers
        -complete=cscope        :cscope suboptions
        -complete=diff_buffer   diff buffer names
        -complete=dir           directory names
        -complete=dir_in_path   directory names in 'cdpath'
        -complete=environment   environment variable names
        -complete=event         autocommand events
        -complete=expression    Vim expression
        -complete=file          file and directory names
        -complete=file_in_path  file and directory names in 'path'
        -complete=filetype      filetype names 'filetype'
        -complete=function      function name
        -complete=help          help subjects
        -complete=highlight     highlight groups
        -complete=history       :history suboptions
        -complete=keymap        keyboard mappings
        -complete=locale        locale names (as output of locale -a)
        -complete=mapclear      buffer argument
        -complete=mapping       mapping name
        -complete=menu          menus
        -complete=messages      :messages suboptions
        -complete=option        options
        -complete=packadd       optional package pack-add names
        -complete=runtime       file and directory names in 'runtimepath'
        -complete=scriptnames   sourced script names
        -complete=shellcmd      Shell command
        -complete=shellcmdline  First is a shell command and subsequent ones
                                are filenames. The same behavior as :!cmd
        -complete=sign          :sign suboptions
        -complete=syntax        syntax file names 'syntax'
        -complete=syntime       :syntime suboptions
        -complete=tag           tags
        -complete=tag_listfiles tags, file names are shown when CTRL-D is hit
        -complete=user          user names
        -complete=var           user variables
        -complete=custom,{func} custom completion, defined via {func}
        -complete=customlist,{func} custom completion, defined via {func}

If you specify completion while there is nothing to complete (-nargs=0, the
default) then you get error E1208 .
Note: That some completion methods might expand environment variables.


Custom completion
                                :command-completion-custom
                                :command-completion-customlist E467 E468
It is possible to define customized completion schemes via the "custom,{func}"
or the "customlist,{func}" completion argument.  The {func} part should be a
function with the following signature:


The function need not use all these arguments. The function should provide the
completion candidates as the return value.

For the "custom" argument, the function should return the completion
candidates one per line in a newline separated string.
                                                        E1303
For the "customlist" argument, the function should return the completion
candidates as a Vim List.  Non-string items in the list are ignored.

The function arguments are:
        ArgLead         the leading portion of the argument currently being
                        completed on
        CmdLine         the entire command line
        CursorPos       the cursor position in it (byte index)
The function may use these for determining context.  For the "custom"
argument, it is not necessary to filter candidates against the (implicit
pattern in) ArgLead.  Vim will filter the candidates with its regexp engine
after function return, and this is probably more efficient in most cases. If
'wildoptions' contains "fuzzy", then the candidates will be filtered using
fuzzy-matching.  For the "customlist" argument, Vim will not
filter the returned completion candidates and the user supplied function
should filter the candidates.

The following example lists user names to a Finger command

The following example completes filenames from the directories specified in
the 'path' option:

This example does not work for file names with spaces!


Range handling
                                E177 E178 :command-range :command-count
By default, user-defined commands do not accept a line number range.  However,
it is possible to specify that the command does take a range (the -range
attribute), or that it takes an arbitrary count value, either in the line
number position (-range=N, like the :split command) or as a "count"
argument (-count=N, like the :Next command).  The count will then be
available in the argument with <count>.

Possible attributes are:

        -range      Range allowed, default is current line
        -range=%    Range allowed, default is whole file (1,$)
        -range=N    A count (default N) which is specified in the line
                    number position (like :split); allows for zero line
                    number.
        -count=N    A count (default N) which is specified either in the line
                    number position, or as an initial argument (like :Next).
        -count      Acts like -count=0

Note that -range=N and -count=N are mutually exclusive - only one should be
specified.

                                        :command-addr
It is possible that the special characters in the range like ., $ or % which
by default correspond to the current line, last line and the whole buffer,
relate to arguments, (loaded) buffers, windows or tab pages.

Possible values are (second column is the short name used in listing):
    -addr=lines                 Range of lines (this is the default for -range)
    -addr=arguments       arg   Range for arguments
    -addr=buffers         buf   Range for buffers (also not loaded buffers)
    -addr=loaded_buffers  load  Range for loaded buffers
    -addr=windows         win   Range for windows
    -addr=tabs            tab   Range for tab pages
    -addr=quickfix        qf    Range for quickfix entries
    -addr=other           ?     Other kind of range; can use ".", "$" and "%"
                                as with "lines" (this is the default for
                                -count)


Special cases
                                        :command-bang :command-bar
                                        :command-register :command-buffer
                                        :command-keepscript
There are some special cases as well:

        -bang       The command can take a ! modifier (like :q or :w)
        -bar        The command can be followed by a "|" and another command.
                    A "|" inside the command argument is not allowed then.
                    Also checks for a " to start a comment.
        -register   The first argument to the command can be an optional
                    register name (like :del, :put, :yank).
        -buffer     The command will only be available in the current buffer.
        -keepscript Do not use the location of where the user command was
                    defined for verbose messages, use the location of where
                    the user command was invoked.

In the cases of the -count and -register attributes, if the optional argument
is supplied, it is removed from the argument list and is available to the
replacement text separately.
Note that these arguments can be abbreviated, but that is a deprecated
feature.  Use the full name for new scripts.


Replacement text
                                                        :command-repl
The {repl} argument is normally one long string, possibly with "|" separated
commands.  A special case is when the argument is "{", then the following
lines, up to a line starting with "}" are used and Vim9 syntax applies.
Example:
                                                        E1231
There must be white space before the "{".  No nesting is supported, inline
functions cannot be used.  Commands where a "|" may appear in the argument,
such as commands with an expression argument, cannot be followed by a "|" and
another command.

If the command is defined in Vim9 script (a script that starts with
:vim9script and in a :def function) then {repl} will be executed as in Vim9
script.  Thus this depends on where the command is defined, not where it is
used.

The replacement text {repl} for a user defined command is scanned for special
escape sequences, using <...> notation.  Escape sequences are replaced with
values from the entered command line, and all other text is copied unchanged.
The resulting string is executed as an Ex command.  To avoid the replacement
use <lt> in place of the initial <.  Thus to include "<bang>" literally use
"<lt>bang>".

The valid escape sequences are

                                                <line1>
        <line1> The starting line of the command range.
                                                <line2>
        <line2> The final line of the command range.
                                                <range>
        <range> The number of items in the command range: 0, 1 or 2
                                                <count>
        <count> Any count supplied (as described for the '-range'
                and '-count' attributes).
                                                <bang>
        <bang>  (See the '-bang' attribute) Expands to a ! if the
                command was executed with a ! modifier, otherwise
                expands to nothing.
                                        <mods> <q-mods> :command-modifiers
        <mods>  The command modifiers, if specified. Otherwise, expands to
                nothing. Supported modifiers are :aboveleft, :belowright,
                :botright, :browse, :confirm, :hide, :horizontal,
                :keepalt, :keepjumps, :keepmarks, :keeppatterns,
                :leftabove, :lockmarks, :noautocmd, :noswapfile,
                :rightbelow, :sandbox, :silent, :tab, :topleft,
                :unsilent, :verbose, and :vertical.
                Note that :filter is not supported.
                Examples:


                                                <reg> <register>
        <reg>   (See the '-register' attribute) The optional register,
                if specified.  Otherwise, expands to nothing.  <register>
                is a synonym for this.
                                                <args>
        <args>  The command arguments, exactly as supplied (but as
                noted above, any count or register can consume some
                of the arguments, which are then not part of <args>).
        <lt>    A single '<' (Less-Than) character.  This is needed if you
                want to get a literal copy of one of these escape sequences
                into the expansion - for example, to get <bang>, use
                <lt>bang>.

                                                        <q-args>
If the first two characters of an escape sequence are "q-" (for example,
<q-args>) then the value is quoted in such a way as to make it a valid value
for use in an expression.  This uses the argument as one single value.
When there is no argument <q-args> is an empty string.  See the
q-args-example below.
                                                        <f-args>
To allow commands to pass their arguments on to a user-defined function, there
is a special form <f-args> ("function args").  This splits the command
arguments at spaces and tabs, quotes each argument individually, and the
<f-args> sequence is replaced by the comma-separated list of quoted arguments.
See the Mycmd example below.  If no arguments are given <f-args> is removed.
   To embed whitespace into an argument of <f-args>, prepend a backslash.
<f-args> replaces every pair of backslashes (\\) with one backslash.  A
backslash followed by a character other than white space or a backslash
remains unmodified.  Also see f-args-example below.  Overview:

        command            <f-args>
        XX ab              'ab'
        XX a\b             'a\b'
        XX a\ b            'a b'
        XX a\  b           'a ', 'b'
        XX a\\b            'a\b'
        XX a\\ b           'a\', 'b'
        XX a\\\b           'a\\b'
        XX a\\\ b          'a\ b'
        XX a\\\\b          'a\\b'
        XX a\\\\ b         'a\\', 'b'
        XX                 [nothing]


Note that if the "no arguments" situation is to be handled, you have to make
sure that the function can be called without arguments.  For a compiled
function you might want to use variable arguments, see
vim9-variable-arguments.

Examples for user commands:





                                                f-args-example
Call a user function (example of <f-args>)

When executed as:
This will invoke:

                                                q-args-example
A more substantial example:

The command Allargs takes any Vim command(s) as argument and executes it on all
files in the argument list.  Usage example (note use of the "e" flag to ignore
errors and the "update" command to write modified buffers):
This will invoke:


 vim:tw=78:ts=8:noet:ft=help:norl: